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Scientists Wonder If Air Pollution Affects Childrens' Development
CHICAGO (AP) - The people who breathe the United States' most unhealthy factory
air worry about more than just asthma and other respiratory problems. They also
want to know if their daily dose of toxic pollution is slowing the academic and
physical development of their children.
In the Ohio River Valley along the Ohio-West Virginia border, factories annually
send into the air hundreds of thousands of pounds of manganese dust, a heavy
metal that can harm the brain and nervous system.
Biologist Dick Wittberg, who heads the mid-Ohio Valley Health Department,
has been pressing for years for a full-blown government study to determine
if those
releases are harming the children in his hometown of Marietta, Ohio.
Several years ago, Wittberg took part in a study that compared Marietta children
with those in a similar-sized Ohio town on academic and physical tests. The
Marietta kids fared significantly worse.
"We didn't do anything that in any respect proves that this is manganese
that has done this, because there are other scenarios that are entirely possible," he
said. "But in my opinion, it really points to some environmental problem
that is causing some neurological differences, and one has to suspect manganese.
Nobody knows for kids how much is too much."
Similar concerns span the country, though communities with the worst factory
pollution sometimes are frustrated they don't have more research to rely on.
In the Detroit suburb of Ecorse, Michigan, which has sued U.S. Steel over
decades of air pollution, Mayor Larry Salisbury wants the Centers for Disease
Control
and Prevention to investigate how industrial toxins affect health.
"We think there have been citizens who had an early death because of health
issues related to that steel plant," Salisbury said. "It would be
great if the CDC would study certain towns to make the case."
"Sometimes I think the government doesn't want to know the answers," he
said. "Once they do, they have a certain liability to enforce."
U.S. Steel spokesman John Armstrong said his company took over the Ecorse
plant in 2003 from bankrupt National Steel and has spent millions cleaning
up problems. "We
take great pride in our environmental stewardship and are addressing these issues
as quickly as possible," he said.
An Associated Press analysis of federal pollution, health and Census data
found that more than 30 neighborhoods around the Great Lakes Works plant in
Ecorse
rank among the worst 5 percent nationally for potential health risks from industrial
air pollution.
AP used health risk scores calculated by the Environmental Protection Agency.
The measures can be used to compare the chronic health risk from industrial
air pollution from one part of the country to another.
The study found that eight U.S. states - Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana,
Texas, Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri - account for almost half the total
health risk nationally from factory air. Nearly one-tenth of the total risk
is concentrated
in Ohio, especially along the heavily industrialized Ohio River corridor.
Farther east, Camden, New Jersey, is home to more than 100 contaminated industrial
sites and seven minority neighborhoods that rank among the top 1 percent in
the U.S. for the long-term health risk posed by factory pollution.
Dr. Robert Pedowitz said his Camden practice sees about 25 patients a day
for asthma or allergy complaints, more than any other private practice in New
Jersey.
One of the main triggers, he said, is air pollution.
"It severely affects the quality of life," Pedowitz said. "It
makes people tired, affects their ability to function."
In the Ohio River Valley where Wittberg lives, nine neighborhoods in and
around Marietta and Wood County, West Virginia, rank among the worst 100 nationally
for health risks from factory emissions.
There are more than 20 industrial plants along or near the Ohio River. Those
plants regularly spew tens of thousands of pounds of manganese, chromium, sulfuric
acid, and formaldehyde.
"It's a toxic soup of contaminants because of all the different facilities
in the area," said Michelle Colledge, an environmental health scientist
with the federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
The river corridor also is a major contributor to factory air pollution in
West Virginia, which has the highest health risk per person of any U.S. state.
Indiana
ranks second in per capita health risk, followed by Ohio, Pennsylvania, Iowa
and Alabama.
Residents around Marietta, with the help of Sen. Mike DeWine, R-Ohio, petitioned
the government several years ago to study the health impact of the region's
air.
Tina Trombley, president of Recover, a local environmental group, said residents
want to find out for sure if the high incidence of asthma and several types
of cancer are the result of air pollution.
"We need to do a full-fledged study and we're hoping that's what they will
be able to do for us," she said.
The initial study found arsenic and manganese in the air consistently exceeded
levels that scientists believe harm health. Colledge said there wasn't enough
information to determine if pollution actually was a health hazard. Further
monitoring at specific sites was ordered.
The initial federal study focused on an industrial complex south of Marietta
that includes four major facilities. The largest, the Eramet Marietta metal
refinery, released more than 550,000 pounds of manganese compounds in 2000,
and more than
25,000 pounds of chromium compounds. Another facility, Eveready Battery, releases
more than 16,000 pounds of manganese compounds a year.
Jeff McKinney, environmental manager at Eramet, said neither the study nor
any other data suggest that "emissions from area industry have adversely
impacted the health of residents. Moreover, we have not seen manganese exposure-related
neurological effects in our long term employees."
Colledge and Wittberg said the area offers an unusual opportunity to study
the impact of manganese dust on humans, particularly children.
Wittberg has been campaigning for such a study since the late 1990s, when
he teamed with an EPA researcher and a University of Quebec scientist to measure
differences between children in Marietta and Athens, a similar-sized Ohio town
45 miles away.
"The Marietta kids did worse on almost everything," Wittberg said.
The implications are potentially far-reaching if the children's IQ scores
turn out to be 10 to 15 points lower, he said.
"Brilliant kids are now simply smart; smart kids are average and average
kids are not average any more," Wittberg said.
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